Xa uthelekisa i-nickel alloys kwinsimbi engenasici, kuvela izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa amandla kunye nokunciphisa izinto ezinokubakho. Izahlulo eziphawuleka kakhulu zibandakanya ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, ubushushu bokusebenza, iipropathi zoomatshini, iindawo zesicelo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweendleko. Ukuqonda le miba kunokunceda ekunqumeni ukuba i-nickel alloy iphezulu kunensimbi engenasici kwizicelo ezithile.

● Ukubunjwa kweMichiza kunye nokuNxina nokuMhlwa

I-nickel alloys kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo zombini zibonelela ngokuxhathisa okukhulu ekudlekeni, kodwa ukwakheka kwazo kweekhemikhali zahluke kakhulu. Insimbi engenasici ngokuyinhloko i-alloy yentsimbi enomxholo wechromium malunga ne-20%, igalelo kwiipropati zayo ezichasene nokuhlwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-nickel alloys inomxholo ophezulu we-nickel, odla ngokudlula i-30%, kwaye iqulethe i-molybdenum eninzi, iphakamisa ukuchasana kwabo ekunciphiseni ukubola. Oku kuqulunqwa kwenza i-nickel alloys ngokubanzi ifaneleke ngakumbi ukumelana nemekobume entsonkothileyo neyonakalisa kakhulu kunentsimbi engenasici.

● Ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu

Ukushisa okusebenzayo yenye iparameter ebalulekileyo apho i-nickel alloys idlula insimbi engenasici. Intsimbi engenastainless isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko zobushushu obuqhelekileyo. Kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, isiqulatho sayo sentsimbi siyasokola ukugcina uzinzo kwisakhiwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-nickel, iyinxalenye ephambili ye-nickel alloys, isekela isakhiwo esizinzileyo se-austenitic nakwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. I-nickel alloys njengamabakala athile asebenza kakhulu anokugcina iipropathi ezigqwesileyo zoomatshini kunye nentembeko yesakhiwo kubushushu obugqithileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yimfuneko kwi-aerospace, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nezinye izicelo zobushushu obuphezulu.

● IiPropati zoomatshini

Iimpawu zomatshini we-nickel alloys ngokubhekiselele kwintsimbi engenasici zine-nuanced. Ngelixa zombini izixhobo zinokubonisa amandla aphezulu, iialloyi zenickel zihlala zinamandla esiseko aphezulu ngenxa yobukho bezinto eziqinileyo zesisombululo. La mandla agcinwa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo obushushu xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engatyiwayo. Nangona ezinye iintlobo zentsimbi engatyiwayo, ezifana nentsimbi ye-martensitic, zinokufikelela amandla aphezulu ngokucinywa, la mandla asebenza kuphela kubushushu begumbi. Lo mda uthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo apho ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu kubalulekile.

● Iinkalo zeSicelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engatyiwa kunye ne-nickel alloys ziyadibana kodwa zikwabonisa umahluko ocacileyo. Insimbi engenasici ifumana ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumacandelo asekuhlaleni, kubandakanywa nezixhobo zonyango, ukwakhiwa, kunye nezinto zendlu, ngenxa yebhalansi yokusebenza kunye neendleko. Nangona kunjalo, ukufaneleka kwayo kuncipha kwindawo yobushushu obuphezulu kunye neendawo ezinobungozi kakhulu. Ii-alloys ze-nickel zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-industry kunye neseto yemikhosi. Imimandla efuna ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kwiimeko ezinzima, ezifana nokulungiswa kweekhemikhali, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye ne-aerospace, ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke kwi-nickel alloys.

● Ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko

Omnye kufuneka acinge ngezinto zoqoqosho xa evavanya ukuba i-nickel alloy ingcono kunensimbi engenasici. I-nickel alloys idla ngokubiza kakhulu ngenxa ye-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum. Iindleko zemveliso zonyuswa ngakumbi kukuntsonkotha okwandileyo kokusetyenzwa kwe-nickel alloys. Eli xabiso liphezulu lifanelekile ngokusebenza kwabo okuphezulu kwizicelo ezifunayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezingafuneki amanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza, insimbi engenasici ihlala iyindleko kwaye ithembekile ukhetho.

● Umqukumbelo

Isishwankathelo, ngelixa zombini i-stainless steel kunye ne-nickel alloys zizinto ezixabisekileyo ezinokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo, ii-alloys ze-nickel zihlala ziphezulu kwiimeko zokushisa okuphezulu kunye neendawo ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo. Iipropati zabo ezongeziweyo zoomatshini kunye nozinzo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu zibenza babaluleke kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso ethile nakwizicelo zomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu le-nickel alloys lithetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kufuneka kuthethelelwe ngeemfuno ezithile zesicelo. Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho phakathi kwe-nickel alloys kunye nensimbi engenasici kufuneka ikhokelwe kwiimfuno zokusebenza kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwebhajethi yeprojekthi.

Kwabo bafuna ukufumana amaphepha akumgangatho ophezulu we-nickel alloy, ukukhetha umenzi othembekileyo onobugcisa obuninzi ekuveliseni ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa kubalulekile. Qhagamshelana nomenzi we-nickel alloy sheet othembekileyo ukuze uxoxe ngeemfuno zakho ezithile kunye nokufumana izinto ezihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka.

Ama-alloys e-nickel, abhiyozelwa ngenxa yezicelo zabo eziguquguqukayo kunye neempawu ezizodwa, ziyinxalenye yamashishini amaninzi. Iquka indibaniselwano yenickel enezinto ezifana nechromium, intsimbi, imolybdenum, kunye nobhedu, ezi ngxubevange zibonakalisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezihlangabezana neemfuno zosetyenziso oluphezulu.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye neeNzuzo zeNickel Alloys

I-nickel alloys yahlulwa ngokumelana nokugqwesa ukubola kunye nokunyuka kobushushu obuphezulu, obubalulekileyo kwiindawo ezirhabaxa. Oku kuxhathisa kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini afana nokusetyenzwa kweekhemikhali, apho imathiriyeli ihlala isesichengeni seekhemikhali ezinobundlobongela. Ukongeza, ezi alloys zibonisa amandla amangalisayo obushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ezenza zibe yimfuneko kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza ngoomatshini okuzinzileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu ze-nickel alloys yinkumbulo yemilo kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokwandisa. Ngokomzekelo, ii-alloys ze-nickel-titanium, ezaziwa ngobuchule bazo bokukhumbula imilo, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zonyango ngenxa yokukwazi ukubuyisela imo yazo yantlandlolo emva kokuguquka. Oku kuziphatha kwahlukileyo kufakwa kwiziqhagamshelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinye izicelo ezifuna ukushukuma okuchanekileyo, okuphindaphindwayo.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeNickel Alloys kunye nezicelo zazo

Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-nickel alloy luhambelana nezicelo ezithile, lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezingenakulinganiswa nezinye izinto. Nazi ezinye iintlobo eziphawulekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo:

*I-Nickel Eyotyiweyo*: I-nickel esulungekileyo ixabiswa kwishishini lemichiza ngenxa yokuxhathisa ukubola, ngakumbi ngokuchasene neealkali. Ikwafumana usetyenziso ekukhuseleni ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic nakwiitransducer.

*I-Nickel-Iron Alloys*: Ezi alloys zibalulekile njengemathiriyeli yemagnethi ethambileyo, izitywina zeglasi ukuya kwintsimbi, kunye nezixhobo ezineempawu zokwandiswa kwe-thermal. Ukwandiswa okuphantsi kwe-thermal ye-nickel-iron alloys ethile kubenza baxabiseke kwizixhobo zokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye neentonga ze-thermostat, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu e-cryogenic.

*I-Nickel-Copper Alloys*: Idume ngokuxhathisa ukubola zizinyibiliko zealkaline, iityuwa ezingaxutywanga, kunye namanzi olwandle, ezi ngxubevange zibalulekile kwiindawo zaselwandle nakwimichiza.

*I-Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys*: Ezi ngxubevange zibonisa ukuxhathisa okuphezulu ekunciphiseni ii-asidi, ezichumayo kwindawo ezingenazo ii-oxidizing ion ezifana ne-ferric and cupric ion. Zisebenza ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ubomi obude kunye nokuthembeka.

*I-Nickel-Chromium Alloys*: Eyaziwa ngokuxhathisa kwazo okuphezulu kuzo zombini i-corrosion eqhelekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, ezi ngxube zihlelwe ngokusekelwe kwizicelo zazo. Zibalulekile kwizinto zokufudumeza, zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okufanelekileyo kunye namandla obushushu obuphezulu, kwaye zinokuqiniswa ngobudala ukuze ziphuculwe ukusebenza.

*I-Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys*: Ezi ngxubevange zibhiyozelwa ngenxa yokomelela kwazo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukumelana ne-oxidation, i-carburization, kunye nezinye iindlela zobushushu obuphezulu. Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezifuna izinto ezinokunyamezela iimeko ezishushu ezigqithisileyo.

*I-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloys*: Ebonisa ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kokutya, ezi ngxubevange zilungele ukuphatha iiasidi ezinciphisa njenge-hydrochloric kunye ne-sulfuric acid. Ukwahluka kwezi ngxubevange zandisa ukuxhathisa kwazo kwiimeko ezininzi ze-oxidizing okanye zokunciphisa, ziqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zeekhemikhali.

*I-Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt Alloys *: Ukongezwa kwe-cobalt kunye ne-molybdenum kunika ezi ngxube zokuqinisa i-solution-solution kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okuqina kwe-creep-rupture. Babonisa ukuxhathisa okubalaseleyo kwi-corrosion ephezulu yobushushu, kubandakanywa nokuhlaselwa kwe-sulphidation kunye ne-chlorides kuzo zombini ukunciphisa kunye ne-oxidizing atmospheres.

*I-Nickel-Titanium Alloys*: Imemo-memory kunye ne-super-elastic properties kwezi ngxubevange zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango kunye nezicelo ezikhethekileyo. Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza utshintsho olunwebekayo olubalulekileyo kunye nokubuyela kwimo yabo yokuqala kubenza bafanelekele ukusetyenziswa okutsha okunje ngefreyimu yembonakalo kunye nezinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nenyikima kwizakhiwo zembali.

Ukuqukumbela

Isishwankathelo, i-nickel alloys izisa iinzuzo ezingenakulinganiswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekuqhutyweni kweekhemikhali kunye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuya kumandla kunye nokwakhiwa. Indibaniselwano yabo ekhethekileyo yeepropathi, kubandakanya ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla obushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokuziphatha okukhethekileyo okufana nenkumbulo yokwakheka, kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwabo yimfuneko. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-nickel alloys ithembisa ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yexesha elizayo, ukuxhasa ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye negalelo elibalulekileyo kwizinto ezintsha zamashishini.

Iialloys ze-nickel zivelele njengokhetho oluphezulu kwizicelo ezifuna ukuqina okukhethekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima. Iipropathi zabo ezizodwa zibenza babaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-aerospace, izithuthi, ukusetyenzwa kweekhemikhali, zaselwandle, imigodi, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla. Eyona nto iphambili kwezi ngxubevange yinickel, isinyithi esaziwa ngokuxhathisa ngokugqwesileyo kwi-corrosion, i-oxidation, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, abaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni imfezeko yesakhiwo sexesha elide kunye nokusebenza.

● Iimpawu eziphambili zeNickel Alloys

Enye yezona mpawu zinyanzelisayo ze-nickel alloys kukukwazi kwabo ukugcina amandla kunye ne-ductility phezu koluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo obushushu. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto ezininzi, iialloys zenickel azibi brittle xa zisetyenzwa, naphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lobushushu. Oku kubenza babe lukhetho oluthembekileyo kumacandelo aphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokulayisha i-cyclic. Kwiindawo apho ezinye izinyithi zinokungaphumeleli ngenxa yokuqhekeka koxinzelelo okanye ukuguqulwa, i-nickel alloys iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngamandla, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.

I-ductility ephezulu ye-nickel alloys nayo inegalelo ekukhululekeni kwabo ekwenzeni. Izinyithi ezinje ngobhedu zinika i-ductility egqwesileyo kodwa ziswele amandla aphezulu obushushu obufunekayo kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, izinto ezifana nentsimbi zomelele kodwa zinokuba brittle phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. I-nickel alloys idibanisa ezona hlabathi zombini, inika umxube olungelelanisiweyo wamandla aphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye nokusebenza. Olu luhlu lukhethekileyo lunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwecandelo, elinokuba yingozi kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

● Ukuguquguquka kokuBumba

Ukuguquguquka kwe-nickel alloys kwandisa ukuguquguquka kwazo kokuhlanganiswa. Zinokudityaniswa nezinye iintlobo zesinyithi ukukhulisa iipropathi ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ukongezwa kwe-titanium kwandisa amandla kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, okwenza i-alloy ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace. I-Copper iphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuqhuba umbane, okuluncedo kwishishini le-elektroniki. I-Cobalt iphucula ukunganyangeki kwe-corrosion kwiimeko ezishushu kakhulu, ngelixa i-chromium yongeza ukuchasana noxinzelelo. I-Aluminiyam kunye ne-niobium, kwelinye icala, iphucula amandla kunye ne-weldability, ngokulandelelanayo. Oku kuguquguquka kuvumela ukudalwa kwee-alloys ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezicelo ezithile, kugxininisa ngakumbi ukuqina kwazo.

● Ubomi obude kunye nokuthembeka

I-nickel alloys ayinamandla nje kwaye inezinto ezininzi; nazo zomelele ngokumangalisayo. Icandelo eliqhelekileyo le-nickel alloy lingahlala phakathi kwe-25 ukuya kwi-35 iminyaka okanye nangaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Obu bomi bubude bokusebenza buphawuleka ngokukodwa kumashishini apho ukusilela kwezinto kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo eyintlekele. Ngokomzekelo, kwicandelo le-oyile kunye negesi, apho amacandelo abonakaliswe kwiingcinezelo ezigqithisileyo kunye neendawo ezinobungozi, ixesha elide kunye nokuthembeka kwe-nickel alloys kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukukwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okanye i-ductility yenye into ebalulekileyo ebangela ukuqina kwe-nickel alloys. Zihlala zizinzile kwaye ziqhuba kakuhle kuzo zombini iindawo ze-cryogenic kunye nezishushu kakhulu. Oku kubenza babe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwizicelo zokusetyenzwa kwe-thermal kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu olufumaneka kwimveliso yamandla kunye ne-petrochemical.

● Umqukumbelo

Isishwankathelo, ukuqina kwe-nickel alloys akuhambelani, nto leyo eyenza ibe yinto ekhethwayo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, izicelo ezibalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Inhlanganisela yabo ekhethekileyo yamandla, i-ductility, kunye nokuchasana nokubola kunye nokushisa okuphezulu kuqinisekisa ubomi obude bokusebenza, ukunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwecandelo. I-versatility ekubunjweni kwabo ivumela ukudala ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile, ngakumbi ukuqinisa ukuqina kwazo kunye nokuthembeka. Enoba kwi-aerospace, i-automotive, i-marine, okanye ukuveliswa kwamandla, ii-nickel alloys ziqhubeka zibonisa ukubaluleka kwazo, ukugcina ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko nakwezona meko zinzima.

Xa kuthelekiswa amandla e-nickel alloy kunye nentsimbi, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokubunjwa kweekhemikhali, ukushisa okusebenzayo, iipropati zomatshini, kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa zidlala. Zombini izixhobo ziyaziwa ngokuxhathisa ukubola kunye nokuguquguquka kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, kodwa i-nickel alloys ihlala ibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwiimeko ezithile. Olu hlalutyo lungena kwiimpawu ezinegalelo kumandla kunye nokusebenza kwezi zinto zimbini.

● Ukubunjwa kweMichiza kunye nokuNxina nokuMhlwa

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwensimbi engenasici kunye ne-nickel alloy kukwakheka kweekhemikhali. Intsimbi estainless ikakhulu yintsimbi enesiqulatho sechromium emalunga nama-20% ukomeleza ukuxhathisa ukudleka. I-nickel alloy, kwelinye icala, inomxholo ophezulu we-nickel, ngamanye amaxesha udlula i-70%, kwaye ibandakanya izixa ezikhulu ze-molybdenum. Lo mxholo we-nickel uphezulu kunye ne-molybdenum uphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa kwezinto kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubola, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinzima kunye nobunzima. Oku kuxhathisa umhlwa okuphuculweyo kuguqulela ekuthotyweni kwezinto ezincinci kunye nobomi obude phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, ezinokuba ngumba obalulekileyo ekuvavanyeni "amandla" onke kunye nokuthembeka kwealloyi.

● Ubushushu bokusebenza kunye neePropati zoomatshini

Ama-alloys e-nickel ahluke ngokucacileyo kwizicelo eziphezulu zokushisa, ngokungafani nensimbi engenasici, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaqondo okushisa aqhelekileyo. Ikhono le-nickel ukugcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo livumela i-nickel alloys ukugcina isakhiwo sabo se-austenitic phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Olu phawu lwenza ukuba i-nickel alloys ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini apho ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu, njenge-aerospace kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiipropathi zomatshini, ukuthelekiswa kwamandla phakathi kwe-nickel alloys kunye nensimbi engenasici kuninzi. Nangona zombini izixhobo zinikela uluhlu lwamandla aphezulu kunye ne-low-power options, i-nickel alloys ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa amandla aphezulu ngenxa yobukho bezinto eziqinileyo zesisombululo. La mandla endalo achazwa ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, apho i-nickel alloys igcina iipropathi zabo zoomatshini zingcono kune-austenitic stainless steels. I-Martensitic steel stainless inokomelezwa ngokucima, ukufumana amandla aphezulu kwiqondo lokushisa; nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ihlala ibeka esichengeni ukuxhathisa umhlwa.

● Iinkalo zeSicelo

Isinyithi esingenasici kunye ne-nickel alloys zabelana ngokugqithelana okubalulekileyo kwiindawo zabo zesicelo ngenxa yeempawu zabo zokunganyangeki. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto zimbini ziyahlukana kusetyenziso oluthile olukhethekileyo. Intsimbi engatyiwa ixhaphakile kwizinto ezenziwa ngabantu, kuquka izixhobo zonyango, izinto zokwakha, nezinto zendlu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iialloyi zenickel zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimizi-mveliso nakwisetingi zasemkhosini, apho ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nomhlwa okukhethekileyo kubalulekile. Lo mahluko ugxininisa iimbono ezibambekayo ekufuneka iinkampani zinike ubunzima xa zikhetha phakathi kwezi mathiriyeli.

● Ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko

Umba wemali nawo udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni izixhobo. I-nickel alloys zibiza kakhulu kunensimbi engenasici, eqhutywa yindleko ephezulu ye-nickel kunye ne-molybdenum xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi. Ukongezelela, ubunzima obukhulu ekuqhubeni i-nickel alloys, ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu kunye nokulawulwa okungqongqo kwezinto zokulandelela, kwandisa iindleko zokuvelisa. Ngelixa ixabiso eliphezulu le-nickel alloys linokuba yinto ethintelayo, ukusebenza kwazo okuphuculweyo kunye nokuqina kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo zihlala zithethelela utyalo-mali.

● Umqukumbelo

Isishwankathelo, ngelixa zombini insimbi engenasici kunye ne-nickel alloy zinika izisombululo ezomeleleyo zokumelana nokugqwala, iialloys ze-nickel ngokubanzi zibonelela ngamandla aphezulu, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nakwiindawo ezinqabileyo ezinobungozi. Ukhetho phakathi kwezi zixhobo luxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo, kubandakanywa iimeko zokusebenza kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwebhajethi. Ama-alloys e-nickel, kunye neepropati zabo ezikhethekileyo kunye nokuqina, zinika inketho enyanzelekileyo yokufuna izicelo zoshishino kunye nemikhosi, ngelixa isinyithi esingenasici sihlala sinokhetho oluguquguqukayo kunye nexabiso elisebenzayo kwiintlobo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwabantu.